source:Seafarers International Research Centre (SIRC)
A new Cardiff University research report has raised concerns about the
effectiveness of current international regulations to control air pollution from
ships.
An associated report also looks at possible enforcement issues associated
with suggested future controls on ships’ carbon emissions.
Funded by the Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) the research
was carried out by the Seafarers International Research Centre (SIRC), an
internationally-renowned research center based at the University’s School
of Social Sciences.
The research involved observation of ship inspections in the UK and Sweden
and interviews with 50 industry stakeholders (ship operators, shipping industry
representatives, regulators, inspectors, fuel experts, trade unionists,
environmental NGOs and others).
Air pollution generated from ship emissions contributes to acidification and to
pulmonary and coronary diseases, due to the sulphur compounds, nitrogen
compounds, and fine particulate matter emitted when ships burn heavy fuel oil,
a cheap refinery by-product.
Emission Control Areas (ECAs) were set up by the International Maritime
Organisation (a UN agency) in the Baltic in 2006, in the North Sea/English
Channel in 2007, and in North America in 2012. Restrictions were placed on
the sulphur levels in fuel that ships would be permitted to burn in the ECAs.
Professor Michael Bloor, Professorial Fellow at SIRC, said: “It is clear that the
large majority of ship operators are complying with regulations, but there is
evidence that a minority of berthing ships in the UK and Sweden are burning
non-compliant fuel.
“In many cases this is inadvertent, due to faulty changeover procedure when
a vessel switches from high-sulphur to low-sulphur fuel. But there are other
cases where conscious non-compliance seems to have occurred.
Potential rewards of non-compliance (in lower fuel costs) are considerable”
Professor Bloor added.
Recommendations designed to increase compliance, including the piloting of
different fuel sampling/testing kits by the UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency,
are included in a final report, available on the SIRC website.
Shipping is a far more carbon-efficient way to shift goods than road transport
or aviation, but total ships’ carbon emissions are similar to those of aviation
and efforts to reduce ships’ carbon emissions could materially assist in
tackling climate change.
The research also investigated possible future regulations of carbon emissions
and how they can be effectively enforced. In weighing the possible advantages
and disadvantages of such measures as a global fuel levy or a ships’
emissions trading scheme (ETS), a fuel levy would be more straight-forward
to enforce than a global emissions trading scheme.