Zhuhai Zhenrong, which was established in 1994, is one of four licensed state importers of crude oil in China. The country is one of Iran's largest oil buyers: In 2018, China imported 29.27 million metric tons of crude from Iran, according to data from China's Ministry of Commerce.
The company accounts for more than 60% of the China's trade with Iran, according to its website.
The United States has sanctioned Zhuhai Zhenrong before for trading with Iran. In 2012, the Obama administration prevented the company from receiving US export licenses, financing from the US Export Import Bank, or any loans over $10 million from US financial institutions.
Back then, Zhuhai Zhenrong said it would continue to import crude from Iran, and that the sanctions would not affect it because it had little business with any US firm, according to a report by state media China News Service published at the time.
Zhuhai Zhenrong is the first Chinese oil company to face punishment since the Trump administration said in April that it would stop exempting several countries, including China, from sanctions on buying oil from Iran. Beijing pushed back against the United States shortly after that decision, saying China's cooperation with Iran should be "respected."
The waivers were granted last year following the reintroduction of US sanctions on Iran in November 2018. The waivers expired in May.
The United States also recently punished several foreign companies — including several Chinese aluminum producers — for helping Iran procure materials for its nuclear program.
Tensions between Washington and Tehran have soaredsince Iran suspended parts of the nuclear deal that briefly brought an end to its economic and diplomatic isolation.
But Pompeo's announcement doesn't help matters between the United States and China, either.
The relationship between the two economic superpowers has deteriorated since a trade war kicked off last year. And even though Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping reached a temporary trade truce last month, tariffs on hundred of billions of dollars worth of each other's goods remain in place.
Details about the next round of face-to-face meetings between senior trade representatives have yet to be announced.